Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology allows electric vehicles to discharge stored battery energy back into the electrical grid, effectively turning parked EVs into distributed energy storage resources. A typical EV battery stores 60-100 kWh — enough to power an average US home for 2-3 days.
V2G works through bidirectional chargers that can both deliver power to the vehicle and extract it. During peak demand periods (typically 4-9 PM), grid operators can request energy from participating EVs. Owners receive compensation through energy credits, reduced electricity bills, or direct payments. The economics can be compelling: some V2G pilot programs pay $50-100+ per month to participants.
Several technical and regulatory challenges remain. Bidirectional chargers cost more than standard EVSE. Battery degradation from additional charge-discharge cycles is a concern, though studies suggest the impact is minimal with smart management. Not all EVs support V2G — the Nissan LEAF (via CHAdeMO), Ford F-150 Lightning, and some Hyundai/Kia models are among the first. As the US targets 50% EV sales by 2030, V2G could provide gigawatts of grid storage capacity, reducing the need for natural gas peaker plants and supporting renewable energy integration.